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1.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 47(1): 43-49, mar. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-554888

ABSTRACT

Delayed Hypoxic-isquemic Leucoencephalopathy described in 1976 by Ginsberg is a brain white matter demyelinization phenomenon that occurred days or weeks after a hypoxic-isquemic injury followed by a complete recovery of the episode. The pathogenesis process remains unknown. We describe a 48 year old woman with cervico-uterine cancer in palliative treatment with opoids. She enters the emergency room with a respiratory depression, a prolonged hypotension and confusion, that it was recovered. At admission exhibits a recurrent pneumonia. Two weeks later, in conditions of discharge, initiates with agitation in context with rapidly progressive decline cognition, with concordant lesions of Leucoencephalopathy defined in the Magnetic Resonance (MR) study The metabolic profile, the cerebrospinal fluid and the electroencephalogram allowed dismissing other etiologic hypothesis. In front to the suspicious of Ginsberg syndrome, she had normal levels of Arylsulfatase. This acute post-hypoxic demyelinization process has been pathogenic interpreted as an arylsulfatase deficiency. Although numerous cases develop with normal arylsulfatase and the experimental studies of hypoxia, has support the hypothesis of a central hypoxic axonopathy due to failing in axonal transport as the base of the demyelinization phenomenal.


La leucoencefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica retardada (EHIR), descrita por Ginsberg en el año 1976, es un fenómeno desmielinizante de la sustancia blanca cerebral, que se origina días o semanas después de un daño hipóxico-isquémico que había sido seguido de una recuperación completa del episodio. La patogenia del proceso no está completamente establecida. Se presenta una mujer de 48 años portadora de cáncer cérvicouterino, en tratamiento paliativo con opiáceos. Ingresa al Servicio de Urgencia por una depresión respiratoria, hipotensión prolongada y compromiso de conciencia, donde es recuperada. Se hospitaliza por una neumopatía intercúrrente. Dos semanas más tarde, estando en condiciones de alta, se inicia agitación psicomotora en el contexto de un deterioro cognitivo rápidamente progresivo, que el estudio de Resonancia Magnética (RM) definió como lesiones concordantes con una leucoencefalopatía. El perfil metabólico, el líquido cefalorraquídeo y el electroencefalograma, permitieron descartar otras hipótesis etiológicas. Frente a la sospecha de un síndrome de Ginsberg, los niveles de arilsulfatasa fueron normales. Este proceso desmielinizante agudo post-hipóxico, ha sido interpretado patogénicamente como un déficit de arilsulfatasa. Sin embargo, la existencia de numerosos casos que cursan con arilsulfatasa normal y los estudios experimentales de hipoxia, ha avalado la hipótesis de una axonopatía central hipóxica, atribuible a fallas del transporte axoplásmico, como base para el fenómeno desmielinizante.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Cerebrum/pathology , Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/complications , Psychomotor Agitation/etiology , Axons/pathology , Confusion/etiology , Cognition Disorders/etiology
2.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 47(3): 215-221, 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-556250

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common disease associated with significant morbidity, including excessive daytime sleepiness, cardiovascular disease and stroke. Method: We studied prospectively the patients sent to our sleep laboratory for polysomnography (PSG) during 6 months. One-hundred patients were interviewed with a sleep questionnaire, 3 of them were ruled out because the lacking of PSG and 2 who no completed the Epworth sleep scale (ESS). Results: Out of the 95 patients, there were 85 men and 10 women, with a mean age of 47.4 +/- 12.5 years, obesity was found in 42.5 percent, an ESS greater than 11 points was found in 56.8 percent, loud snoring in 93.7 percent, breathing cessation in 68.4 percent, excessive daytime somnolence in 57.9 percent. PSG revealed no OSAS in 14.7 percent, slight OSAS in 27.4 percent, moderate OSAS in 21 percent y severe OSAS in 36.8 percent. Body mass index and breathing cessation reported by the couple had the highest discriminative power with a sensibility of 87 percent and specificity of 50 percent for ruled out severe OSAS. Conclusion: A severe OSAS is less probable when there is absence of breathing cessation during sleep reported by the couple and an IMC <30 Kg/m².


Introducción: El SAHOS presenta una alta prevalencia en estudios internacionales, con importantes repercusiones en los sistemas cardio, cerebrovascular y en la calidad de vida de las personas. Método: Estudiamos prospectivamente a los pacientes enviados para Polisomnografia (PSG) a nuestro laboratorio de sueño, en un período de 6 meses. Previo consentimiento informado, se les aplicó la Escala de Somnolencia de Epworth (EE) y un Cuestionario de Sueño. Fueron entrevistados 100 pacientes, excluyéndose 3 por no haberse realizado PSG y 2 que no completaron la EE. Resultados: Se analizaron 95 pacientes, 89,5 por ciento hombres, edad promedio 47,4 +/- 12,5 años, obesidad en 49,5 por ciento, EE mayor de 11 en 56,8 por ciento, ronquido en 93,7 por ciento, pausas respiratorias en 68,4 por ciento, somnolencia diurna excesiva en 57,9 por ciento, cansancio al despertar en 86,3 por ciento. La PSG no demostró SAHOS en 14,7 por ciento, hubo 27,4 por ciento con SAHOS leve, 21 por ciento> moderado y 36,8 por ciento> severo. Las variables presencia de pausas respiratorias observadas por la pareja e índice de masa corporal (IMC) predicen la ausencia de SAHOS severo, con una sensibilidad de 87 por ciento y especificidad de 50 por ciento. Conclusión: En la evaluación de pacientes con sospecha de SAHOS, la no observación de pausas respiratorias durante el sueño por parte de la pareja y el IMC menor de 30 Kg/m² hacen menos probable que exista un SAHOS severo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/diagnosis , Polysomnography , Surveys and Questionnaires , Age Factors , Body Mass Index , Disorders of Excessive Somnolence , Prospective Studies , Severity of Illness Index , Sleep Apnea Syndromes/diagnosis
3.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 46(3): 182-191, sept. 2008. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-535037

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Sleep disorders, especially sleep breathing disorders, have not been well studied in the patients attending a family health center in Chile. Sleep breathing disorders have been linked to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, which are important causes of morbidity and mortality. Method: We studied a randomized sample of 180 adult patients (135 women and 45 men, with a mean age of 45.6 years) consulting a public family health center with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and a Sleep Questionnaire which include assessment of obesity medical conditions, medications and smoking habit, blood pressure, sleep habits, snoring, breathing cessation, insomnia, daytime sleepiness and depressive symptomatology Results: Hypertension was found in 37.2 percent, diabetes in 11.1 percent, dislipidemia in 19.4 percent, smoking in 34.4 percent. Body mass index > of30 Kg/m2 was found in 38.3 percent). Twenty five patients (13.9 percent>) had an Epworth score >ofl5. Loud snoring was reported in 56.7 percent>. Breathing cessation was reported by the spouses in 21.7 percent>. Difficulty for sleep initiation was present in 21.7 percent and to maintain sleep in 21.7 percent. Daytime sleepiness was present in 29.4 percent. Twelve patients (6.7 percent) had the highest score in a visual analog scale for daytime somnolence. An affirmative answer for persistent sadness or low mood and loss of interest or pleasure in the last month was reported by 43.8 percent of the patients. Conclusion: It is noteworthy the high frequency of undiagnosed sleep disorders found in a population consulting by others pathologies. These results would be useful for the planning of public health programs which should include sleep disorders.


Introducción: Los trastornos del sueño, especialmente el Síndrome de Apneas del Sueño (SAS), presentan una alta prevalencia internacional, pero no existen estudios en Chile. Método: Durante un período de 6 meses, se ingresó progresivamente una muestra randomizada de 180 pacientes mayores de 18 años (135 mujeres, 45 hombres) que consultaron en un Centro de Salud Familiar, para evaluar la frecuencia de trastornos de sueño con la Escala de Somnolencia de Epworth y un Cuestionario de Sueño especialmente diseñado que incluyó: estado nutricional, enfermedades médicas, uso de medicamentos, tabaco y alcohol, hábitos de sueño, ronquido, pausas respiratorias, insomnio, somnolencia diurna excesiva y síntomas depresivos. Resultados: Se encontró hipertensión arterial en 37,2 por ciento, diabetes en 11,1 por ciento, dislipidemia en 19,4 por ciento y tabaquismo en 34,4 por ciento, IMC > de 30 kg/m2 en 38,3 por ciento, Epworth > 15 en 13,9 por ciento, ronquido en 56,7 por ciento, pausas respiratorias en 21,7 por ciento, somnolencia diurna excesiva en 29,4 por ciento, dificultad en la iniciación (21,7 por ciento) y mantención del sueño (21,7 por ciento). Tristeza persistente y/o pérdida de interés en sus actividades o falta de disfrute en el último mes fue referida por 43,8 por ciento de los pacientes. Conclusión: La alta frecuencia de trastornos del sueño encontrados, hacen necesario incluirlos en la planificación de programas de salud en nuestro país, para su adecuado diagnóstico y tratamiento, especialmente considerando el que algunos de estos trastornos constituyen factores de riesgo para enfermedades vasculares cardíacas y cerebrales.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Community Health Centers , Surveys and Questionnaires , Sleep Wake Disorders/diagnosis , Sleep Wake Disorders/epidemiology , Sleep Wake Disorders/psychology , Comorbidity , Chile/epidemiology , Health Status , Physical Examination , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Simple Random Sampling , Depressive Disorder/epidemiology
4.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 133(7): 789-794, jul. 2005. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-429138

ABSTRACT

Background: The Memory Disturbances Center is a multidisciplinary team devoted to the study and treatment of patients with memory problems. Aim: To report the clinical features of patients consulting to this center. Material and methods: Retrospective review of the clinical records of the first 100 patients consulting in the center. Results: The age of consulting patients ranged from 17 to 93 years and 57 were female. The most common diagnoses were Alzheimer disease, depressive pseudo dementia, mild cognitive impairment, vascular dementia and adult attention deficit disorder. A formal neuropsychological assessment was performed in 60% and 20% entered a cognitive stimulation program. Conclusions: Although Alzheimer disease is the most common cause of memory disorders in the adult, concealed depression and attention deficit disorders are also common. A multidisciplinary approach allows a better diagnosis and treatment.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Memory Disorders/diagnosis , Neuropsychological Tests , Age Distribution , Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Cognition Disorders/epidemiology , Dementia, Vascular/diagnosis , Dementia, Vascular/epidemiology , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder/epidemiology , Diagnosis, Differential , Educational Status , Memory Disorders/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Sex Distribution
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